Essay on Exhaust Analysis Osygen Sensor Developed by...

Oxygen Sensor [7] This device was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH in the 1960s and is also called the Lambda Sensor. The purpose of the sensor is to determine the amount of oxygen in its surroundings. It plays a very important role in automotive vehicles in determining the amount of oxygen present in the exhaust gases. By knowing the same, we can improve electronic fuel injection and emission control. They he to observe in real-time if the air-to-fuel ratio of combustion engine is rich or lean. Since the sensor is present in the exhaust system, they do not directly determine the optimality of the air-to-fuel ratio, but when the information of the sensor is coupled with information from other sources, it can be used to improve overall†¦show more content†¦Carbon monoxide results in a slightly rich burn and NOX indicates a lean burn. Failure or damage of the sensor indicates the use of unleaded fuels containing silicon or silicates. The data from the sensor instructs the ECU to continuously adju st the amount of fuel charged into the engine. The engine operates in a slightly lean and slightly rich burn in successive loops. This helps in maintaining an average which is very close to the stoichiometric ratio. The sensor element is encased in a ceramic cylinders both inside and outside with platinum electrodes and the entire assembly is wrapped in metal gauge. The sensors work effectively at high temperature. When the temperature is at and above 3160C (6000F). Most new sensors are equipped with their own heating elements. There are three main types of oxygen sensors. They are: 1. Zirconia Sensor Made of zirconium dioxide or zirconia it is based on a fuel cell called the Nerst cell. It gives an output of 0.2V DC to show a lean mixture in which the air entering the system is enough to fully oxidize the fuel to CO and then CO2. An output of 0.8V represents a rich mixture which contains unburnt HC and low in O2. The ideal value is approximately 0.45V. The air-to-fuel ratio is 0.5% of the optimum stoichiometric ratio. The advantage of this sensor is that it is most sensitive near the ideal stoichiometric ratio whereas it is very insensitive and ineffective when mixture is very lean or very rich. This is type of

Problems Exist in the Contemporary US Essay Example

Essays on Problems Exist in the Contemporary US Essay The paper "Problems Exist in the Contemporary US" is a brilliant example of an essay on social science. Problem identification entails the expression of dissatisfaction with the prevailing status quo. For example, in the education system, people can express their dissatisfaction with the inadequate facilities in the United States schools that support the marginalized. Schools are mandated to provide all the students with a quality education regardless of their physical and psychological disabilities (DeMatthews, 2014). Students who are physically disabled and who are not native English speakers face difficulties coping with the other students in the class. Federal policy guidelines are silent regarding the issue of disproportionate representation of the special needs children in the schools. The problem results in emotionally affected students who end up living miserable lives for lack of proper education. In agenda-setting, the definition of underlying alternatives is essential to t he policy process and in shaping the desired outcome. Before the issue is fully adopted and formulated, the alternative approaches are outlined so that the best option can be implemented (LAITS). To determine what issue advances into the agenda policy, the options that can address the plight of the disabled in schools are analyzed. For example, should the federal government provide separate facilities, increase the resources in current facilities, or provide extensional support to the affected children. Many problems exist in the contemporary US, but few of them make it to the public policy agenda. In the United States, a problem has to be identified as a salient issue to move onto the policy agenda. In most instances, the power of the people can move problems in society further to be adopted as policy agendas. In addition to the influence and the power of the people, there are issues that move immediately to the policy agenda following significant events that act as triggers (Bound less, 2014). Parents of the affected children with the support of the rights groups also contribute significantly to identifying the said problems.

Marketing and Advertisement of Tesla Inc †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing and Advertisement of Tesla Inc. Answer: Introduction: Marketingis one of the most complex and widely used concept in our current business environment. It is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large (AMA, 2013). Organizations would findmarketing an inseparable aspect of their daily transactions. Before any product is manufactures, an analysis of customer needs is done. Once the product is manufactured, it needs to reach consumers as per their demands. This demand and supply then need to be well managed with the help of efficient advertising and alluring promotions. All these are aspects of Marketing. Previously, I had the narrow definition of marketing being related to advertisement and selling of products only. Having realised the broader scope of marketing, I find that it is underlying everywhere in this age of globalisation. $0 Marketing by Tesla: While studying, one of the most stunning concepts I have discovered related to advertisement is the $0 budget marketing done by Tesla Inc. By that I mean Tesla had no budget allocated for advertisement of its electric vehicles. However, not having any advertisement was being the greatest advertisement for Tesla after it was recognized in market. Tesla has used the oldest marketing concept of Word of mouth and designed innovative referral schemes (Extole Inc., 2017). The efficiency of this model is evidenced by the fact that 253,000 cars were pre-booked in the first 36 hours (Inc., 2016). Needs, Wants and Demands: One of the concepts that I found confusing in marketing was the concept of needs, wants and demands itself. More specifically, I could not differentiate between wants and demands. After researching on them I came to understand that wants are simply Desires and demands as Desires + buying power (MaketingMix, 2017). After having the clear picture of these three, I believe I can become a consumer who makes better decisions by clearly recognizing the needs, wants and demands. DeMarketing: As a consumer, I always believed that every organization wants to promote their products in order to increase sales. However, we were taught a pioneering concept of De marketing. Upon detailed study, I realized de marketing is done by numerous organization to cope with unwanted demand or overflow of demand (Kotler, 2009). This helps marketers to shape demand in order to conform to long run objectives rather than blindly chasing high sales. Marketing Environment: Marketing is a complex concept and a large number of components are involved in it rather than just the firm and the consumer. The importance of monitoring the environmental factors impacting an individual business is fundamental to effective marketing (Academy of Marketing studies journal, 2013). After attending lectures, I was taught that many actors are involved in marketing of any product or service. For example Government support is required by every organization at every step. Firms take assistance of various media agencies in order to promote their product or service. Financial consultants also help organizations to arrange finances and guide them about the right investing options. According to Kotler (2009), marketing environment consists of the actors and forces outside organization that affect marketing management's ability to develop and maintain successful transactions with its target customers. Factors affecting Demand: It was often believed that the sales of any product depends on buying power and need of the consumer and supply created by producers. However, this is not enough. My lectures gave me a much clear idea about how the demand is created and what are the factors that impact the demand. Changing demographic scenarios, increasing use of technology and economic environment are also considered by marketers to promote their products to the right audience in the right manner. Rise in the number of working women, a steady decline in household size and an increase in single parent family or families with no children are few of the demographic changes that the country is currently experiencing. Similarly rising interest and consumption patterns also impact the demand of products. For example financial crisis that hit Asia in 1997-1998 adversely affected Hong Kong tourism (Journal of travel and tourism marketing, 2002). It is imperative that marketers keep this in mind before formulating any strate gy for product promotions. Consumer buying pattern: Learning about buying habits of consumer was the other thing which was essential for me. I learnt about the decision making process of a consumer when he or she buys any product. Buying behaviour suggests that consumers buy some products without thinking about it, some products giving a little consideration and after reading that I noticed that I would often buy small things out of habits without giving much consideration while some other things I would consider for few days. Marketers would spend a lot of time and money researching on these buying habits of the consumers due to ever changing demands of consumers. Extensive research on consumer buying behaviour helps marketers advertise their products in a proficient manner leading to increased sales. Demand Management I had no idea about the various kinds of demands but after these lectures I came to understand how many types of demands are there and how marketers make use of this information to promote their products. Negative demands involves those products or services where not only does the consumer not want the product but is also willing to pay a price to avoid it. Like many consumers spend monthly on dental check-ups in order to avoid dental surgery. Irregular demand refers to seasonal or occasional demands of products example rising sale of costumes during Halloween and extra demand of chocolates and sweets during specific festivals. Predominantly, it involves prioritizing demand when supply is lacking (SCRC, 2002). Conclusion: Marketing is one of the most important factors that impacts organizations. Changing marketing scenario in the era of globalization has helped the right products, reach the right consumers, in the right way and at the right time. Our lectures have been extremely useful in helping me gain an insight on how consumers buy products and how marketers use information in order to promote and advertise products. As a consumer, these lectures have been extremely beneficial and will surely help me make a better buying choice and use my bargaining power as a consumer in this organization. I think I have learnt a lot about marketing in past few weeks. This understanding will be useful for me to carefully select new products in future. Moreover, it will also allow me to make wise decisions free from temptations of different advertisements. This will help me save cost and increase consuming efficiency. References: AMA, 2013, https://www.ama.org/AboutAMA/Pages/Definition-of-Marketing.aspx, viewed on 25 August, 2017. Extole Inc., 2017, https://www.extole.com/blog/tesla-referral-program-how-to-grow-with-0-marketing-budget/, viewed on 25 August, 2017. Harvard Business Review, 2009, https://web.uniroma1.it/dip_management/sites/default/files/allegati/Kotler%20%26%20Levy%20%281971%29%20-%20Demarketing%2C%20yes%2C%20demarketing%20-%20Harvard%20Business%20Review.pdf, viewed on 25 August, 2017. Hiemstra, S Wong K, 2008, Factors affecting demands for tourism in Hong Kong, Journal of travel and tourism marketing, Vol 13(1-2), pp: 41-60. Inc., 2016, https://www.inc.com/walter-chen/how-teslas-referral-program-generates-more-than-40x-roi.html, viewed on 25 August, 2017. Jackson, 2013, The Marketing Environment: A new paradigm, Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, Vol 1. Kotler, P, 2013, Marketing Management, NSW, Pearson Australia. MarketingMix, 2017, https://marketingmixx.com/marketing-basics/128-needswants-and-demands.html, viewed on 25 August, 2017. SCRC, 2002, https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/lessons-in-demand-management, viewed on 25 August, 2017.

John Adams Essays (793 words) - Massachusetts, United States

John Adams John Adams is important to the study of American history because he was the second president of the United States, he served on the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence and then helped persuade the Second Continental Congress to adopt the declaration. He is one of the great figures in American history because before the American Revolution he joined with other patriots in resisting British rule. So, when the revolution began, Adams was among the first to propose American independence. John Adams was born and raised in Braintree, Massachusetts, on the farmland his great-grandfather had cleared 100 years earlier. He entered Harvard College when he was sixteen years old and after graduating in 1755, he continued to study law. In 1758 Adams began to practice law in Braintree. In 1764 Adams married Abigail Smith, and they had five children. One of them, John Quincy Adams, became the sixth president of the United States. The marriage lasted 54 years, until the death of Abigail Adams in 1818. Adams spent the early part of his career practicing law in Braintree and developing his interest in government. He became well known throughout the colonies. When in Boston he was elected to the Massauchetts legislature while helping acquit the British troops in the Boston massacre. He only served in the legislature for a few months. In May 1775, Adams set out for Philadelphia and the opening of the Second Continental Congress, the American Revolution had begun with the battles at Lexington and Concord. Adams, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and other New England delegates arrived in Philadelphia ready to fight back against Britain. They wanted the colonies to get ready for war and to set up a confederation of independent colonies. Many delegates hesitated and Adams became very impatient. After two weeks, when nothing had been accomplished, Adams could hold back no longer. He addressed Congress and told them that before talking of peace with Britain, Congress should adopt a program to set up an independent government in each colony. It should use the New England militiamen, who were then blockading the British in Boston, as the basis for a Continental Army, and should name a commander-in-chief who would be responsible to Congress. Finally, Adams said, Britain should be told of these steps. Then, if the war continued, the colonies should seek alliances and support in France, Spain, and the Netherlands. Only one of Adams's proposals was adopted. A Continental Army was authorized, and Colonel George Washington of Virginia was named commanding general. Adams had recommended Washington not only because he had military training, but also because he was from the South. Adams felt that, to form a national army, the South as well as the North should be represented in it. Therefore the New England troops had to have a Southern commander. In 1776 another of Adams' proposals was enacted. On May 6, he and his allies in Congress presented a resolution that all the colonies should form independent governments. The resolution, which to Adams was the most important of his proposals, was passed on May 15. In June 1776 Richard Henry Lee, a delegate from Virginia, moved that Congress declare "that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States." The resolution was referred to a committee consisting of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert R. Livingston, and John Adams. Jefferson wrote the declaration and Adams was spokesman for it when it was presented to Congress. There was a great debate before the final vote. There were many unwilling delegates who still hoped for reconciliation with Britain, but Adams won most of them over. On July 4, 1776, Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. In 1796, Adams was elected president and was inaugurated at Federal Hall, Philadelphia, on March 4, 1797. Philadelphia was then the nation's capital. President Adams was immediately confronted with a number of issues. The most urgent was a threat of war with France. For four years the United States had remained neutral in the struggle between France and Britain. Britain was seizing ships that traded with France including American ships. The United States negotiated Jay's Treaty of 1794, which stopped Britain by giving trade concessions but started this threat because it angered the French who thought the United States was helping the British. Adams wasn't re-elected in 1800 and was stunned because Hamilton completely opposed Adams and campaigned for Pinckney. Adams lost, but Jefferson and Burr tied with 73 electoral votes each. The tie-breaking vote was decided by the House of Representatives,

Assignment Essay Example

Assignment Essay Example Assignment Essay Assignment Essay Introduction: Electronic commerce or e-business can be defined as the process of buying, selling, serving consumers, collaboration between business partners, transferring information and conducting electronic transaction within organisation via computer network. E-business transactions can be carried out between various parties. The common types of e-commerce tractions are as follows: * Collaborate commerce * Business-to-consumers (B2C) * Consumers to business (C2B) * Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) * Intra business commerce * Government to citizens (G2C) Government Business Person or consumer Supplier Business Partner Questions You are required to choose a (B2B, B2C, C2B or C2C) business and based on the history of the business in the last ten years answer the following four questions Q. No. 1 Applying at least five analytical tools in strategic management formulate a suitable E-business strategy for the company. Your proposed strategy should be based on your analysis, and supported by evaluation of your proposed approach, indicating its suitability for the organisation, and also its relation to the company’s business strategy Ans: I want to choose a Business to Customer Business topic for my assignment Business to customer (B2C) business: 1. Introduction: It is also known as e-tailing. In this type of e- business, the sellers are organisations and the Byers are individuals. It deals about various activities of business about products and services to consumers. It applies that selling of products or services to consumers by any organisation or business over their own use internet. E. g Dell, Amazon etc. Q. NO. 3 In relation to the company, evaluate the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for E-business success in current economic downturn. ANS: To occupy high rank position in online shopping market it is very important for retailers to work hard and to analyze critical success favtors. Such factors are considered as critical because failure to excel any of them may cause considerable damage to the company. These factors include: * Develop customer’s trust: As the retailers take the responsibility of many business processes so it is very important to have customers trust over their retailers. * Developing personal websites for customers: It is very important to tailored individual customer. As for example: when you open the site of Amazon. om then it first greets personally to each individuals and offering a choice of products based upon personal preferences. * Providing a variety of a product: Customer wants varieties of each product. Therefore, online retailers must exceed to offer varieties of product to develop loyalty to the business. * Reliability and quality of the products: It is very important to provide reliable products with excellent quality too attract customers. * Competitive prices: The internet makes pricing visible to every customers so that customers can easily compares between the prices of same product from different retailers. Suitability of available information: Available information should be used in effective ways and try to make it commercially attractive. * Creating suitable payment procedure: Retailers should give more emphasis in payment method and make it easy and error free. There are also many success factors for the development and sustainability of e-business such as: * Technology infrastructure: It includes suitability of the software with other specific software systems. It should be reliable and able to perform with large numbers of members. * Income Stream: There have been various business models to explain how e-marketplace makes profit which are related to services in various markets, commission on trades etc. * Transition administration system: Software of e-business is responsible to carryout payments and contracts appropriately and helps to manage membership services. * Participants: It is generally assumed that, it is better to motivate existing suppliers and customers rather than to involve new participants. Moreover, the existence of any e-business is entirely depends upon its number of members. So that it is considered as major issues. * Fulfilment of participant needs: The success or failure of any e-business can be analysed whether or not they become able to satisfy their participants. An e-business that become able to satisfy their participants are considered as successful e-business. * Relationship management: It is very important factor to develop and maintain trust between the participants of the market place. * Security: It is very important to maintain a security in relation to financial transactions and in the confidential information.

2009 Ap History Dbq Essays

2009 Ap History Dbq Essays 2009 Ap History Dbq Essay 2009 Ap History Dbq Essay When the United States of America was created as an independent country at the end of the revolutionary war against Great Britan, the roots of an entirely new American identity took place. Though taking influence from its former parent country, England, the United States began its own system of representative government. Furthermore, the American identity shaped in the early years of 1775 to 1830 incorporated the ideas of agrarian farming, economic standpoints, and capitalism. Slaves and freedmen alive suffered unclear, exploited and coped with the aspects of agrarian farming and agriculture in general, capitalism, and Christianity in America. The Revolution began the contradictory nature of the American identity as it applied to blacks. A piece of evidence that supports black participation in the army is known in Paul Caffels Petition, in which he notes that black people helped the colonial cause despite their lack of protection under the law. This occurred in MA in a state that would later proclaim slavery. Participation in the civil war as well as payment to be freed, lead the increase of free African Americans. The petition was heard by the north, which would become a region against slavery, Escaped slaves would reside in the area of the north and fugitive slave laws asking for them to return would be rejected as well. Other slaves, like that of Venture Smith, sought to buy their own freedom by selling surplus crops on fields that they worked on. However, southern abolitionists found ways to excuse slavery, such as George Fitzwagh. Also, open lands in the west by the Louisiana Purchase gave a perfect opportunity to move slaves and their families to work on new fields. Attempting to persevere through the horrors of slavery, many African Americans turned toward religion to help them. The religious great awakening that occurred in this era also caused blacks to participate and form Methodist meetings. They believed they would be let out of slavery and into freedom. Many slaves looked toward god in their battle against slavery. Many of them attended meetings at congregations praising god in hope and faith for freedom. Slavery was known as terrible the whole time in American history. It was engrained in the souls of white and black that were alike preceding 1775. However, the blacks would attempt to free themselves and their brothers still in slavery by abolitionism. Eventually a shift against slavery would occur and instead of fighting against it, America would experience a Civil War over this sectional issue of Black Freedom.

Should parent be allowed to smack their own child Essay

Should parent be allowed to smack their own child - Essay Example According to Larzelere’s findings, whether children experience negative or positive outcomes due to their upbringing depends on the rate of recurrence of any disciplinary approach. This includes all types and does not single-out corporal punishment. Consequently, it is excessive recurrences of bad behaviour that is the root-cause of negative outcomes. Parents understand that recurring bad behaviour will hamper their child’s chances for a successful life as an adult and feel compelled to diminish poor behavioural patterns with disciplinary techniques they believe to be most effective. What parents need is quality information regarding methods by which to effectively discipline their children. Effective punishment techniques are established on the basis of a relationship between the parent and child that is positive and loving. The punishment methods are proactive but measured and administered with competency. When acting in response to bad behaviour, parents should apply mild corrective actions such as reasoning, grounding and time-out. Smacking is most effective when used to re-enforce these mild corrective actions. Studies have demonstrated that smacking is not merely effective on its own merits alone but it serves to increase the chance that the child will respond to the mild corrective tactics. As a consequence, smacking is needed less to control behaviour as the child grows older. â€Å"Spanking has consistently beneficial outcomes when it is non-abusive and used primarily to back up milder disciplinary tactics with 2- to 6-year-olds by loving parents.

Roman Pieta, Marble Sculpture and Christ of St. John of the Cross Essay

Roman Pieta, Marble Sculpture and Christ of St. John of the Cross - Essay Example The essay "Roman Pieta, Marble Sculpture and Christ of St. John of the Cross" discusses that two pieces. This essay will show that they are more alike than their physical and factual differences might suggest. Pieta: This is to be found in the first chapel on the right of the entrance in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, Italy. A pyramid formation, its dimensions are 68.5† x 76.8†. Using chisel and white marble, Michelangelo created something extraordinary. The triangular pyramid connection reflects the emotional, physical and psychological impact of the piece on the onlooker. These responses are aroused by looking at how the limbs and clothing of the figures are interwoven, curving and blending into each other. The mother's head leans forward, while this is balanced by the way in which the son's is tilted back; her left hand reflects the movement of his left leg. As her right hand holds his head, his completes the circle of contact by holding onto his mother's clothes, his arm resting on her knee. The wholeness of the piece both visually and emotionally portray the bonds of love between mother and child, Church and believer. Though the figure of Mary is huge in comparison to the form of Christ, the impact of this is insignificant due to the beauty of the figures; despite the fact that this mother is holding her dead child, the suggestion is implicit that resurrection and salvation are promised, that beauty is indestructible in the fact of death, agony or sorrow. This is the message and the power of Michelangelo's art.... The artist uses chiaroscuro to dramatic effect, as the crucified Christ seems to move from light to darkness and light again. The scene below him might be understood to signify the 'world', or at least that part of it known and loved by Dali himself. There is no doubt that the light, the hills, the boats and figures are depictions from Spain's Costa Brava, one of the places where he lived at the time of creating the work. Dali was often reported as stating that he dreamed the scene, and was driven by his visions to create a Christ with no thorns, no nails in the hands and no blood. Instead, he wanted to give us a magnificent physical yet metaphysical King of the World. In that, he departed from the more traditional representations of Christ on the Cross . The viewer is looking down, like Christ, the eye is drawn to what Christ is observing and the anatomical perfection of the body calls to mind classical statuary and life drawings. The shadow created by the arms and the cross make a triangle within a triangle and the light surrounding the figure seems to diffuse and re-emerge to illuminate the heavens, and the Earth spread at it's feet. The triangular motif is repeated in the response the picture calls forth, the physical, psychological and emotional are united; here is man, the universe and God, captured in an almost holographic, three dimensional image. This piece signifies Dali's great skill and u nique imaginative power. Comparisons: From a personal viewpoint, there are many comparisons, the chief of which may be the outstanding beauty of the figures of Christ, and in the Pieta, of Mary. The point and

My best vacation to six flags Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My best vacation to six flags - Essay Example The number of people who attend six flags is sometimes overwhelming to the corporation because of the inflow of visitors to the amusement park. Casing point can be the 23.9 million visitors in 2009 who visited six flags from throughout the world. Six flags corporation has its branches throughout the states, and offers heart rendering services to its customers. The purpose of this essay is to discuss my best vacation to six flags and the things I saw and did (Newswire 11-15). My best vacation ever was to the Six Flags Great America as they own a property in the state. Six Flags Great America is the amusement park that I vacationed with my family, and to be sincere, I had the time of my life. Six flags America is a theme park in that is built on a 400-acre land and feature one of the largest collections of roller coaster that is in existence along the east coast. The amusement park was filled to capacity when I visited because most of the families prefer visiting the park during their vacation, and having fun due to the numerous services offered by the park. The history of the theme park is quite interesting as it offers a coaster that is air launched, and the interesting part is that it is the first of its kind in the world. The amusement park is spacious and has the capability of hosting around two million visitors from all over the world. The endless games that are present in the amusement park can cause a vast confusion because one wants to try out everything. One of the the most captivating game that I encountered was known as the Apocalypse (Newswire 11-15). The game was outstanding as it captured my imagination in every way possible and gave me a chance to interact with other people from all over the world. It was a dream come true for my parents to bring me to this awesome park that everyone talked about, and to get the chance of having firsthand experience in six flags America. The spectacular thing about six flags America is the fact that it has rides t hat are suitable for everyone. The rides had an adverse effect on the adrenaline rush and it was fun getting the chance to try out the family ride, roller-coaster, thrill rides and the hurricane harbor rides. All these were at an affordable price that were pocket friendly and captured the attention of most of the people (Newswire 11-15). The captivating part was the fact that the Hurricane Harbor provided wet rides which were unique and thrilling to everyone that was present in the amusement park. Everyone wanted a chance to try out the varieties of rides that were present, and sample out the many games that were offered by Six Flags Great America. My family and I attended the entertainment section where there was the existence of magicians, acrobats, animation and theatrics. It was a spectacular scene because some of the most famous entertainers were present in the amusement park. I can vividly remember a stand that had many different samples of food that were from all over the wor ld. The food section offered many exotic foods from different communities all over the world at an affordable price. To be sincere, I have never had a scrumptious meal like the one I had in the park and the services were magnificent. There were many choices of foods to choose from and had a taste of many cuisines. Six Flags Great America is an exceptional place to take the staff of a company, hold educational trips, youth groups, and reunions and take religious organizations. It is

Discrimination against women in the world

Discrimination against women in the world The world is facing many problems that are demolishing its unity, forcing the process of making a better world harder to achieve. One of the most devastating problems yet to be solved is the womens rights against discrimination. Discrimination, according to Cambridge Universitys dictionary is the act of treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin colour, religion, sex. Discrimination against women is a type of gender discrimination. According to the Australian Office of Anti-Discrimination Commissioner (OADC) gender discrimination occurs when someone is treated less favourably than another person because of his or her gender (Justice, 2009). Womens discrimination is a series problem, it is just not a discrimination against a minority (with all do respect to all minorities). It is impossible to realize our goals while discriminating against half the human race Kofi Annan  [ 1]  . Annan described discriminating against women discriminating against half of the human race which rely on how important the role of women in the progressing of the human race. The problem of discrimination against women was officially addressed to the world through the first couple of years of the establishing of the United Nations (UN). Women inscribed their identity as holders of rights in the founding documents of the UN-the UN Charter (1945) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) the Convention of Civil Rights to Women (1948) and the Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1952) (Jain Sen, 2005, pp. 12-13). Many countries and nations have issued legislations against discrimination, and specifically against gender or sex discrimination. One of the most notified acts against discrimination is the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 by the British Parliament. Many countries and nations have acts against discriminating women; however, women are still being discrim inated before the law (Franciscans). Discriminating against women is not just discriminating against a person it is discriminating against families as well; who would want the mother, the sister or the wife to be discriminated at work, at school or at club under no reason but solely because of the gender. The purpose of this essay is to examine the act of discrimination against women and demonstrate on how women suffer in the social life, the political arena and the workplace, and the education. Moreover this essay will adjudge the previous solutions to overcome the problem of discriminating women due to their gender held previously decades ago by countries or nations, and why they did not reap what they have sown. Ultimately, it will propose a solution on how to surmount the problem of discriminating women, because women should not be discriminated due to the prejudice against their gender. Women play the part of half the human race if they were less competent or reliable than men and do not deserve equality God would not let them share every role with men. Womens discrimination is much far from being a local issue in a certain part of the world. Women suffer from discrimination, violence and sexual harassment because women most of the times are thought to be less competent than men because of their physical structure. Women are not only discriminated in the developing countries because of the lack of sophistication, women are also being discriminated in the developed countries. Discrimination against women in the UK is deeply ingrained, a government report concludes as cited in (Barriers still in womens way, 2005). The UK, one of the most important and developed countries that plays a major role in the world issues, has a discrimination problem against women which is described by a governmental report to be deeply ingrained or firmly held that it is not likely to be changed. Thus it is a problem that needs more that attention to be solved. According to the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), Data shows that discriminato ry practices against women exists and dominates in almost all parts of the world (2008). Therefore, we do not need each developed country telling a one that is not that the developed country is free from discrimination or it is in very small ratio that discrimination hardly can be found. Statistically according to figure 1  [2]  , the ratio between the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and the developing countries does not gap critically; life expectancy is more in MENA than in the developing countries while it decreases in the other areas. The world needs all countries and nations help because it is not a one nation problem it is a problem that we all command. Figure Women social life is covered by many kinds of discrimination. Women in social life suffer from many daily-life appellations, especially in the Middle-East other than the West. In the Middle-East women are classified by their relationship status other than by her contribution to the community. While searching for life partner men get repelled from divorced women. In the process of searching, most of the men search for virgin girls whether those men have previous relation or not. Divorced women are treated different than married women. Whereas single-mothers most of the time do not marry after their first marriage because men do not want extra burden or responsibility. On the other hand single-fathers easily can get married most of the time as there is no social norm against them to re-marry. Single mothers do not refuse to marry, however, they are refuted by the men how are seeking marriage. Divorce is more costly for women than men. The most common impact of divorce on women is the f inancial insecurity it creates, increasing the possibility of poverty for them and their children. Data show that after divorce, women experience a 73 percent loss in their former standard of living and men experience a 42 percent rise (Headlee Elfin, 1996, p. p.52). Not only divorce leave women socially downgraded it also leaves her in economical insecurity, and if a women is supporting a child the disaster will be doubled. According to Clarke-Stewart Brentano, divorced women make only five new friends in the first year of divorce due to the emotional damage of divorce (2006, p. 70). Women are more likely to have blighted social life than men after divorce. Nevertheless, society does not welcome divorcees leaving women in a dark corner of the society. Politically, women suffer from a great impact from discrimination. Women have been discriminated in the political arena, as the society gives the women politicians less creditability than men due to some ideas stuck in the minds that women are more likely to be secretaries other than being the boss. The media has a huge impact on such negative ideas, giving the women always as the soft secretary that has a model body shape and a voice that rhymes with music. According to Abdel-Wahabs film, he sketched a wife being a CEO in a governmental institution, while the employees of that institution do not believe that a woman can hold such a sophisticated position (1966). In that film the female CEO proves to her husband and to her employees at the end of the film that she is as competent as any male CEO that has ever held this position. This is the kind of media that needed to be seen today, not the ones that weaken the image of women and strengthens the stereotyping of them in politics and in workplace. According to Constance B. Morella a US Republican Congresswoman, who represents the Seventh District in Maryland, in politics (once elected) there is equity in terms of salary, but not in terms of leadership. Women are excluded from many issue areas and commissions where they might serve as cited in (Headlee Elfin, 1996). In the US congress the government cannot give smaller salary to women, of course or it would be contradicting its own policies out in the public, nonetheless, they do not give women the right of leadership as they might provide help to their country, the US- her country- deny the womens help in leadership. Unlike men, women pursue politics for the sake of issues and morals not for career advancement. The rejection of women being in the political arena gave them the opportunity to be more active volunteers than men, which gave them more than enough experience to successfully enter the political arena (Headlee Elfin, 1996, p. 26). Men do not have an e xtra brain that makes them excel in politics and likely women do not, hence, they are equal and should have equal political opportunities. Women went to work thus, affecting the mens jobs and the economy mainly because of money. Women worked because they did not have husbands as unmarried or divorced, or they had husbands who were in low-pay jobs. In 1994, 59 percent of married women were working for pay which increased by 19 percent from 1970 (Headlee Elfin, 1996, p. 3). As of discrimination in the work place, statistically, pregnant women suffer widespread discrimination at work, figures show, with almost one in 14 mums-to-be denied opportunities for promotion and one in 50 demoted (Pregnant Women; Discrimination at work, 2006). Pregnant women takes the largest piece in the pie chart according to discrimination, some of the pregnant women do not even get paid for maternity leave, while, some of them do not get promoted and some get demoted.

Dilema at Day-Pro Essay

The crossover point is the rate at which the NPV of the two projects are equal. NPV has a direct relationship between NPV and Economic Value Added. The NPV shows how the shareholders’ wealth would be increased if the project is accepted. The goal of the company is to increase shareholders’ wealth, thus NPV shows the better way in choosing the right decision to achieve their goal. NPV method implicitly assumes that the rate at which cash flows can be reinvested is the cost of capital, whereas the IRR method assumes that the firm can reinvest at the IRR. NPV method is better because it selects the project that adds the most to shareholder wealth. Tim can show that the MIRR is the more realistic measure to use in the case of mutually exclusive contracts by explaining that by using MIRR, they can avoid the multiple IRR problems and at the same time explain that since reinvestment at the cost of capital is generally more correct, the MIRR  which assumes that CFs from all projects are reinvested at the cost of capital rather than on the project’s own IRR (in the case of IRR), is a better indicator of a project’s true profitability. Tim could also state that with the use of MIRR, the company can avoid some conflicts encountered when comparing NPV with IRR. With the use of MIRR, they can minimize the conflict between the two, just like when the two projects being compared have equal size and same life, both NPV and MIRR leads to the same decision. The company can also arrive at the same decision when the two projects being compared have equal size and different life. Using Profitability Index can help in deciding which project to choose because it gives the ratio which allows us to measure the proportion of money returned to money invested. Thus by profitability index, it allows us to compare investment opportunities that requires us different initial investments. The higher profitability index will be chosen because it gives higher possible return in the amount that is to be invested. In short, in the dilemma of Day-pro, Synthetic Resin must be chosen because it gives a higher return in spite of the high initial investment. However, in using this method, the analyst will ignore many factors, such as risk, cost of capital, and liquidity of the project. Thus, the company must consider or decide first on what factor they will base their decision in choosing a project. Being more conservative in revenue projection will give us an idea that the project is less liquid because they projected a longer period of time before the company can earn back the invested amount. Moreover, it also indicates that they considered the possible risks that may occur in the project along the way. The chance of overestimation and underestimation of the project is less possible that make it more realistic. Thus, the Synthetic Resin project is more reliable and accurate. Knowing that the synthetic resin would require extensive and longer time before it could be implemented, it will cause doubt on the part of the Board to choose this  project because it only says that Synthetic Resin project is less liquid compared to epoxy resin and the company will be tied longer to this project before it can regain the invested capital. However, looking at the other side of the coin, synthetic resin gives a higher return in spite of its flaws and its risks. On the other hand, Epoxy Resin seems to be more liquid and less risky and the return of this project is less compared to the Synthetic Resin. As a result, the board might be more attracted to Epoxy Resin. Still, the decision of the board depends on what they give importance or emphasis in choosing a project. And since the Board has a strong preference in using rates or return as its criteria, we would recommend to the Board to choose Synthetic Resin.

The Species At Risk Act Environmental Sciences Essay

The Speciess at Risk Act ( SARA ) was proclaimed in June 2003, and is one portion of a three portion Government of Canada scheme for the protection of wildlife species at hazard. This three portion scheme besides includes committednesss under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk and activities under the Habitat Stewardship Program for Species at Risk. In add-on, it complements bing Torahs and understandings to supply for the legal protection of wildlife species and preservation of biological diverseness. The Act aims to forestall wildlife species from going nonextant, and to procure the necessary actions for their recovery. The Act recognises that the protection of wildlife species is a joint duty and that all Canadians have a function to play in the protection of wildlife. It applies to all federal lands in Canada ; all wildlife species listed as being at hazard ; and their critical home ground. Please view the followers for a more elaborate sum-up of the Act ‘s: Aim The intents of the Act are to forestall Canadian autochthonal species, races, and distinguishable populations from going extirpated or nonextant, to supply for the recovery of endangered or threatened species, and promote the direction of other species to forestall them from going at hazard. More specifically, the Act will: set up the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada ( COSEWIC ) as an independent organic structure of experts responsible for measuring and placing species at hazard ; require that the best available cognition be used to specify long and short-run aims in a recovery scheme and action program ; create prohibitions to protect listed threatened and endangered species and their critical home ground ; acknowledge that compensation may be needed to guarantee equity following the infliction of the critical home ground prohibitions ; make a public register to help in doing paperss under the Act more accessible to the populace ; and be consistent with Aboriginal and pact rights and respect the authorization of other federal curates and provincial authoritiess. SARA is a consequence of the execution of the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy, which is in response to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. The Act provides federal statute law to forestall wildlife species from going nonextant and to supply for their recovery. Process Chart 1. Monitoring starts with an stock list of wildlife species to acquire an thought of the population position and tendency, its ecological map, and a manner of tracking information. As a consequence, the Minister publishes the study on the general position of wildlife species, every 5 old ages. 2. The species assessment procedure is conducted by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada ( COSEWIC ) . Based on the position study, they use a commission of experts to carry on a species appraisal and delegate the position of a wildlife species believed to be at some grade of hazard nationally. 3. In response to an appraisal and position appellation, the Minister issues a response statement. This papers reflects the jurisdictional committedness to action and acts as a start to the national recovery procedure. 4. A recovery scheme outlines what is scientifically required for the successful recovery of a species at hazard. This includes an designation of its critical home ground and what demands should be addressed. An action program so identifies those specific actions needed to assist in the species recovery as identified in the recovery scheme. This includes the assorted undertakings and activities with associated timelines. 5. Evaluation plans are carried out against the ends and aims of the recovery scheme and action program, where they are most effectual. As a consequence, the Minister must bring forth an one-year study on the disposal and execution of the Act. Monitoring, appraisal, response, recovery, and rating are ongoing procedures that are taken to better the species position and ecosystem. Responsible Governments This subdivision provides information on the functions and duties of the cardinal sections, commissions, and councils tasked with transporting out activities under the Act. In general, the Minister of Environment is responsible for the overall disposal, except when the Act gives duty to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans. Department of Environment Department of Fisheries and Oceans Parks Canada Agency Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada National Aboriginal Council on Species at Risk Department of Environment The Minister of Environment is responsible for the overall coordination of the federal species at hazard scheme, including the execution of federal activities in support of the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk in Canada ( the Accord ) , the disposal of the Habitat Stewardship Program for species at hazard, and the Interdepartmental Recovery Fund. The Minister of Environment is besides responsible for the protection and recovery of migratory birds and species at hazard on federal lands other than those under the duty of the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans or those persons under the duty of Parks Canada Agency. Under the Accord, it is understood that the states and districts will set about actions and enforce prohibitions for the preservation of species at hazard under their legal power. In add-on, the Minister of the Environment is responsible for the induction and facilitation of multi-jurisdictional recovery squads, and for organizing the development of recovery schemes for species necessitating the engagement of more than one legal power. The Minister of the Environment will try to come in into understandings with states and districts for them to develop recovery schemes for species under their direction duty. Visit the Environment Canada website & A ; gt ; Department of Fisheries and Oceans The Minister of Fisheries and Oceans is responsible for the protection and recovery of aquatic species at hazard under federal legal power, other than persons under the duty of the Minister of the Environment in the instance of persons found on National Wildlife Areas, and Parks Canada Agency. The Minister is responsible for implementing the necessary preservation and protection steps under the Species at Risk Act for aquatic species on the legal protection list. Aquatic species to be protected includes fish or Marine works species defined as such under the federal Fisheries Act, and those which have been assessed against COSEWIC ‘s categorization standards. The Minister will work closely with both the Minister of Environment and Parks Canada Agency, to guarantee common and consistent attacks within the federal authorities to protecting species at hazard. Visit the Department of Fisheries and Oceans website & amp ; gt ; Parks Canada Agency Parks Canada Agency is responsible for the development of recovery schemes for those species that occur in Canada chiefly in national Parkss, national historic sites and other federal protected heritage countries under the authorization of the Minister. The Minister is besides responsible for the direction and recovery of species found in national Parkss and lands administered by the Minister. Visit the Parks Canada Agency website & A ; gt ; Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council The Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council ( CESCC ) consists of the Minister of the Environment, the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, and Curates of the provincial / territorial authoritiess who are responsible for the preservation and direction of a wildlife species in that state or district. The function of CESCC is to supply general way on the activities of COSEWIC ; organize the activities of the assorted authoritiess represented on the Council relating to the protection of species at hazard ; and seek and see advice and recommendations from the National Aboriginal Council on species at hazard. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada ( COSEWIC ) provides advice to authorities on the position of wildlife species and was established for the first clip as a legal entity under the Species at Risk Act. COSEWIC is composed of qualified wildlife experts drawn from the federal, provincial, and territorial authoritiess, wildlife direction boards, Aboriginal groups, universities, museums, national non-governmental organisations and others with expertness in the preservation of wildlife species in Canada. Members are appointed by the Minister of Environment after audience with the Council ( CESCC ) and appropriate experts. COSEWIC operates at arm ‘s length from authorities in an unfastened and crystalline procedure, keeping impartial scientific and adept opinion in its appraisal of wildlife species. The function of COSEWIC is to measure and sort the position of wildlife species utilizing the best available information on the biological position of a species, including scientific cognition, community cognition, and Aboriginal traditional cognition. COSEWIC classifies wildlife species and studies to the CESCC. Visit the COSEWIC website & A ; gt ; National Aboriginal Council on Species at Risk The National Aboriginal Council on Species at Risk ( NACOSAR ) is an consultative council comprised of six representatives of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada selected by the Minister of Environment based upon recommendations from Aboriginal organisations that the Minister considers appropriate. The function of the Council is to rede the Minister on the Administration of the Act and supply advice and recommendations to the Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council ( CESCC ) under subdivision 8.1 and 8.2 of the Speciess at Risk Act ( SARA ) . 2 ) infusion from the Office of the Auditor General of Canada, 2008 March Status Report of the Commissioner of Environment and Sustainable Development, Chapter 5 Ecosystems – Protection of Speciess at Risk ( viewed Feb. 11, 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_cesd_200803_05_e_30131.html Main Points What we examined As of June 2007, there were 389 species in Canada listed as at hazard on Schedule 1 of the 2002 Speciess at Risk Act. Under the Act, the Minister of the Environment and the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans are responsible for fixing recovery schemes, action programs, and direction programs for species at hazard for which they are the competent curate. In 2001, we found that there was a demand for better baseline information to enable the authorities to efficaciously pull off species at hazard. We recommended that Environment Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Parks Canada develop a comprehensive stock list of species at hazard under their legal power and guarantee that recovery schemes for these species be developed and implemented. The three organisations agreed with our recommendations. Although our 2001 audit focused on activities in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin, the three organisations manage their activities on a national footing and hence, for this Status Report we examined advancement made on our recommendation by the responsible sections from a national position. We besides examined conformity with subdivisions of the 2002 Speciess at Risk Act, which came into force after our last audit but which relate to our recommendations. These subdivisions of the Act have specific and normative demands sing recovery schemes. Why it ‘s of import Apart from its intrinsic value as portion of Canada ‘s natural heritage, Canada ‘s biodiversity, including wild species of workss and animate beings, represents a huge depot of biological resources. The workss, mammals, and aquatic species found in ecosystems are mutualist and hence keeping ecological diverseness is of import to keeping the wellness and unity of the environment. Although it may travel unnoticed by most people, the loss of one or two cardinal species can hold ripple effects across an ecosystem with potentially important effects on our quality of life. Harmonizing to assorted scientific beginnings, human activities in the 21st century have greatly increased the rate at which species are vanishing. What we found Environment Canada and Fisheries and Oceans Canada have made unsatisfactory advancement in reacting to our 2001 recommendation associating to the development of a comprehensive stock list of species at hazard, while Parks Canada has made satisfactory advancement on this recommendation. The three organisations have made unsatisfactory advancement in reacting to our 2001 recommendation associating to the development of recovery schemes and have non complied with specific deadline demands established by the Speciess at Risk Act. As of June 2007, recovery schemes should hold been completed for 228 species at hazard, but recovery schemes completed at that day of the month reference merely 55 of those species. Departments and organisations are besides required under the Act to place to the extent possible, critical home ground necessary for the endurance or recovery of species at hazard. As of June 2007, critical home ground had been identified for 16 of the 228 species at hazard for which recovery schemes were due. Despite the advancement noted at Parks Canada, the federal authorities as a whole has made unsatisfactory advancement in reacting to our 2001 recommendations associating to the development of a comprehensive stock list of species at hazard and of recovery schemes. While work is under manner to develop appropriate informations sharing understandings with 3rd parties, such as provincial and territorial authoritiess, and non-governmental organisations such as Nature Serve, stock list informations aggregations vary across Canada. Ongoing betterments to informations quality and information consistence are needed.

Free Essays on General Prologue-In Support Of The Monk

Today, when we hear the word â€Å"monk†, it often brings up the image of an old man wearing a brown robe with a shaved head. While this image is based on some level of fact, it is certainly not what the Monk in Chaucer’s Prologue to the Canterbury Tales is like. Instead, Chaucer presents a monk who goes against all stereotypes, ignoring traditions, engaging in hunting, and even indulging in materialistic goods. This portrayal leads many readers to conclude that the Monk is a man of bad character, because he is not true to his line of work. However, this conclusion seems to be arrived at far too quickly. Upon further investigation the Monk can be seen as a decent man who has found himself in the wrong profession. One reason that could be used to support the idea that the Monk is a man of poor character is his complete disregard for tradition. The narrator states, â€Å"This ilke Monk leet olde thinges pace,/And heeld after the newe world the space†(175-76)., showing that the Monk had little interest in things of tradition. The Monk even goes as far as to say, â€Å"lat Austin have his swink to him reserved†(188), showing complete disregard to the rules of the St. Augustine. This trait, however, is only frowned upon in professions, like monkshood, which rely heavily on tradition. Had the Monk chosen a different career his liberal thinking would more most certainly be tolerated. The opinion that the Monk is a man of poor character becomes weaker when compared to many other men of the church in the prologue. An example of this is the corrupt Pardoner, selling pardons for profit, and making â€Å"†¦the parson and the people his apes†(706). The Pardoner used his position to take advantage of people, a concept foreign to the thinking of the Monk. Thus this personality trait in the Monk leads to the conclusion not that he is a bad person and neglecting his true duties for profit (like the Pardoner), but simply that he is a man in the wr... Free Essays on General Prologue-In Support Of The Monk Free Essays on General Prologue-In Support Of The Monk Today, when we hear the word â€Å"monk†, it often brings up the image of an old man wearing a brown robe with a shaved head. While this image is based on some level of fact, it is certainly not what the Monk in Chaucer’s Prologue to the Canterbury Tales is like. Instead, Chaucer presents a monk who goes against all stereotypes, ignoring traditions, engaging in hunting, and even indulging in materialistic goods. This portrayal leads many readers to conclude that the Monk is a man of bad character, because he is not true to his line of work. However, this conclusion seems to be arrived at far too quickly. Upon further investigation the Monk can be seen as a decent man who has found himself in the wrong profession. One reason that could be used to support the idea that the Monk is a man of poor character is his complete disregard for tradition. The narrator states, â€Å"This ilke Monk leet olde thinges pace,/And heeld after the newe world the space†(175-76)., showing that the Monk had little interest in things of tradition. The Monk even goes as far as to say, â€Å"lat Austin have his swink to him reserved†(188), showing complete disregard to the rules of the St. Augustine. This trait, however, is only frowned upon in professions, like monkshood, which rely heavily on tradition. Had the Monk chosen a different career his liberal thinking would more most certainly be tolerated. The opinion that the Monk is a man of poor character becomes weaker when compared to many other men of the church in the prologue. An example of this is the corrupt Pardoner, selling pardons for profit, and making â€Å"†¦the parson and the people his apes†(706). The Pardoner used his position to take advantage of people, a concept foreign to the thinking of the Monk. Thus this personality trait in the Monk leads to the conclusion not that he is a bad person and neglecting his true duties for profit (like the Pardoner), but simply that he is a man in the wr...

Effects of the Civil War on Economies essays

Effects of the Civil War on Economies essays Ever since the Civil War, economies were changed for the good and bad. North and South alike experienced these changes. The North had the greater amount of good changes throughout and after the war. The South had more of the negative effect on their economy. No matter what happened during the war to each of the economies separately, now, after the war, they would have to deal with them together as one country again. Throughout the war, the North's economy had strived due to the help of the federal government. The federal government had subsidized construction of a national railroad system. Along with that, they set up a system of federally charted banks. In turn, these banks set requirements for loans and provided for banks to be inspected, which helped to make the banking system safer for investors. War affected many industries in the North. Some industries flourished while others saw a decline in business. Many weapon related industries saw a huge growth in their production due to the war as well as iron and coal mining. These growths were due to the massive amounts of purchases of war supplies by the Union army. Many supplies of war supplies to the government grew rich and had a lot of money to invest in other industries after the war. The North also got much help from Great Britain. They had always depended on some of the US products and it didn't stop during the war, the needs and desires only grew. By the end for the war, the North's most flourished industries were coal, iron, and merchant ships, among others. Much of the North's economy flourished throughout the war due to help from the government. The South was not as lucky as the North was. The South's economy didn't flourish at all. It suffered desperately throughout the entire Civil War. The biggest blow to the southern economy was the fact that there was no more slavery. Now they had to pay people to perform the labor that slaves had done free. The war also left forty...

Managing in a Mixed Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Managing in a Mixed Economy - Essay Example the community being looked at may call for at a certain point in their life such as services of the police, education in school and situations that need emergency services. Fundamentally, the government’s delivery of services revolves around the public goods provision. This is done through the creation of a framework of legal services that stipulates the ownership rules as regards the operation of market and property. For instance, property rights enforcement, putting power abuses to checks as well as the rule of law upholding. That is a framework which works as an umbrella of task and obligations of court, the police as well as the overall corrective services in the process of ensuring law and order. Besides the public goods provision, any given government of a country has to ensure more equitable way of services consumption. These are especially those ones considered by government to end up impacting the public good. Another perspective of ensuring equitable ways of consumption of services is that where spillovers are of public wellbeing such as health services, housing, education, and community and ambulance services. (pc.gov.au, 2009) This is the study which has its focus upon the part played by the government of U.K in public service provision and delivery. To this issue’s focus, the question to be answered by this study will be,† How does the government attempt to manage the performance of public services, and what issues are raised?’’ Examples to support the answer given to this question will also be provided. The approach will try and make the most understandable and comprehensive observation of this in U.K’s perspective. The UK government of 2001 was a reelected government for another term upon a manifesto that said, â€Å"Renewal of public services† (76) It was heard to want to request to be given a third term in office courtesy of its ability to enhance service delivery at a higher level. This is with particular concerns to education,

Concrete mix design and compression tests Assignment

Concrete mix design and compression tests - Assignment Example The results for the two materials were compared with special attention to the behaviors of each of them during loading. Testing of the two specimen metals preceded until fracture was realized. During the laboratory experimentation of the specimen metals, aluminum and steel were subjected to tensile tests in order to measure the tensile strengths. It was necessary to conduct the tests for Tensile strength for aluminum and steel, taking into consideration the fact that steel and aluminum are the most used materials during constructions and Engineering works. Ductility enables these two metal specimens to give extra tensile strengths. The tensile test helped in the determination of the elastic properties available in the specimen materials. The performances of the materials were measured by the behaviors that were observed on the materials and the conditions that support their performance. During this time, the challenges and failures of the experiment were observed. After the observation, emphasis shifted to the analysis of the information. The tests are expected to provide the framework on which Engineers can draw their conclusion and recommendation for reinforcing the bui lding materials and constructions in progress. The project is involves fundamental elasticity tests such as static tension test whereby the specimens of the two distinct materials are passed prepared and placed under weight which increasing becomes heavy. This is observed until the specimen attains the failure position. The measure of elasticity as one of the physical characteristics of the material determines whether the material will regain its original shape or will experience permanent deformation. The observation is meant to establish the proportional limit. This is the highest limit of stress, which the specimen material can produce and withstand while maintaining its position in the

How Race Specific Regiments in WWII Influenced Modern Day U.S Research Paper

How Race Specific Regiments in WWII Influenced Modern Day U.S. Military - Research Paper Example The presence of racial segregation in the United States armed forces depicted the widespread segregation mostly in the Black-American south. They were banned from visiting white dominated regions and had to attend inferior schools. Attempts to fight for their rights was met by terrorism and lynching such as the Ku Klux Klan. Nevertheless, the outbreak of the Second World War and deficiency of manpower led to enrollment of other races in the army such as the Africans, Mexicans, and Japanese. Their contribution and the success of wars led to recognition and desegregation by other leaders and American citizens. To evaluate the contribution of these individuals in the Army, this paper will analyze the Navajo code talkers, Buffalo soldiers, and the 442nd Japanese unit regiment. Buffalo Soldiers Most of the United State history centers on The Gold Rush, Gunfights, Indians, and Cowboys. However, the contribution of the black in the West expansion was of little knowledge. This is based on th e fact that enslavement and racism was at a higher rate despite the insinuation that it was a Free State. In regards to this perception, enslavement was more of a mental than physical aspect (Fioner, 1965). The Black Americans contribution was realized in several areas of U.S development such as commerce, wars and in the ranches. Unlike the prevailing misconception that the present Americans achievement is founded on the accomplishments of the Caucasians, Blacks had immense contribution than the natives. The misconception is based on imprisonment of the blacks and the little efforts they made were met with less credit (Katz, 1967). In America, Blacks were thought to be inferior thus hindering their advances if they could have been given a chance. Despite the presence of many obstacles, Blacks were able to struggle in aiding the America west expansion. The wars offered the Blacks with an opportunity to explore America and make their way out from the South and at large to break the so cial situation of racism. Though United States approved Blacks enlisting in the war, they were not protected from the Indians since they were placed in the war fronts (Fioner, 1965). As a result, Blacks’ residents and forts were abandoned. Racism was at its highest order since the Easterners and Southern U.S population despised the presence of Negro soldiers in their community or their neighborhood. Similarly, Blacks were excluded from general employment prospects. Therefore, the enrollment in the military was welcomed since they were sure of pension, shelter, medical attention, steady pay, and education once recruited in the forces. Though initial recruitment was dedicated to filling quotas regardless of the recruits’ soldiering skills and capability, constant replacements at the place of work called for recruitment of enlightened and educated Blacks. Black soldiers in the U.S war against Indians, fought with the zeal to win and devoted their lives in wars in regard t o their own personal believes. They perceived to gain equality and respect they had suffered under slavery. Nevertheless, United States development that was based on enslavement could not grant this component of freedom through devotion to war. Life and death struggles characterized the Blacks’ efforts in the hostile environments that they were constantly relocated. Their loyalty to United States

Migration phenomenon Essay Example for Free

Migration phenomenon Essay MIGRATION: Migration is a world wide phenomenon that can be viewed in either a modern or historical perspective. Historically speaking, migration has been happening for hundreds of years for various reasons such as racism, war invasions, search for a better life, famine, and poor weather conditions. Modernly speaking, in a great majority of cases, people have poor and developing countries that cant provide good conditions for living and raising a family causing them to migrate to another location to in search of a better life style. Sometimes, in search of better education, one would migrate to another location to fulfill their destiny. Some even migrate in need to find unknown relatives that share the same bloodline as them due to fact there was a disconnection in where the family split through migration. But there are plenty of reasons for migration in where a person just wants to relocate for their specific reasons. Migrations even plays a role in population, and even bringing in a new culture. Today, I will enlighten you about this topic by discussing the migration that occurred through out Barack Obamas and his families life. Also, I will speak upon the Dust Storm that played a role in migration. To add on, I will inform you about he migration that occurred through out my relatives lives. And finally, I will speak upon the migration that occurred through out the movie Scarface that starred Al Pacino that played Tony Montanas role. My parents werent born in the United States, but they were looking for better lives and opportunities, so they migrated from Haiti to the United States. My parents growing up in such a poor country that didnt provide much opportunity for them to be able to live a decent lifestyle forced them to migrate. In search of education, jobs, money, and opportunity, they decided to start a new life in the united States. When waking up not knowing when you or your family are going to have the next meal, are you going to find the money to pay the landlord, can you pay your childrens education, afford medicine for when someone in your family that is severely sick, or any specific cause that revolves around unobtainable cash, can drive a person a stress level very high. In desperate need to escape hardship, hearing about the United States and what it had to offer such as opportunities, free education, and work, it was a done deal, they moved on forward. It was a every day struggle in Haiti for my parents, and they thought leaving Haiti coming to America was the only solution to end the struggle and give them a better life to live. Due to difficult times and hard measures, sometimes it is inevitable to stop yourself from migrating to another location hoping for the better. And also, in search of better education, giving you chances to better opportunities in life, will persuade you to migrate to another location that is willing to provide that. There are various reasons in which someone can migrate and through out reading Dreams from My Father by Barack Obama, Ive consumed particular reasons. In this book, Barack Obama explains his life and the life of his parents. Through out the reading, he elaborates on all the various migrations he has done along with his parents. In Dreams from My Father, President Obama informs us on plenty of migration that occurred through out his family. Barack Obama, the son of Barack Obama Sr. who is from Kenya, and Ann Dunham who is from Kansas, was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. His father and mother had divorced and his mother met Lolo Soetoro, a javanese surveyor from Indonesia. Both Lolo and Baracks mother attended the same university. His mother and Lolo ended up getting married together and his new stepfather moved to jakarta, Indonesia shortly after graduating from the University of Hawaii. Obamas mother graduated from the university as well and decided to move also to go join her new husband. Obama moved to Indonesia leaving Hawaii to live with his mother and he spent ages six to ten there attending school. As years went by, he moved back to hawaii to live with his maternal grandparents. He had earned a scholarship which enabled him to attend a college preparatory school from fifth grade till he graduated high school. His mother got a chance to stay with him for three years along with his sister but he wanted to return to Indonesia to do her anthropology field work, but Obama decided to stay in Hawaii with his grandparents for high school. After graduating high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attend Occidental college. During that period of time, he decided to visit his mother in Indonesia, and then after travel to Pakistan and India to visit college classmate families. Later, Obama decided to transfer to Colombia University in New York City where he majored in political science. he graduated from there with a bachelor and received two jobs in New York while he stayed there for a year. he later received a job in Chicago where he moved there and was a director of the Developing Com munities Project. Obama wanted to connect with the black community more due to him being confused growing up half white and black. After, Obama travelled to Europe for the first time for a period of three weeks and then decided to travel to Kenya for five weeks to meet unknown relatives from his fathers side to bond. Later, Obama then decided to attend Harvard Law School moving to Massachusetts. After graduating, he left and went back to Chicago. He later got a job again in Chicago where he got a book deal with the University of Chicago Law School. He later ended up becoming a teacher at the University. With him being a civil rights attorney and all the extracurricular activities he was involved in, that lead him to being state senator. Obama travelled back one to Kenya to trace his fathers foot steps. Through out reading chapter 11: Dust Bowl Odyssey from the book called After the Fact: the Art of Historical Detection written by James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle, this chapter enlightened me a lot about the topic of migration showing me how poor weather conditions can play a big role in causing people to migrate. The dust storms caused people to migrate because of the fact that it brought in famine and unemployment. The poor weather conditions in that area were so horrible, it just caused poor living conditions, which made people have to leave their current location in search of a better life. The Dust storm began May 9, 1934, and by May 11, the dust shifted down to South Atlanta and Boston. Every year on, the storms blew in worst. There were 22 dust storms in total in 1934 and it grew to 72 storms by 1937. The storms were so intense, people thought it was the wrath of god in where when the rain failed them, the crops withered, and the winds hurdled the loose soil across the nation. The crops kept falling, the farmers debts kept growing, and soon the banks repossessed the farmers farms. Several farming states felt the wrath of the storms coming in. After watching the storms effects, statistics showed how California gained more than a million new residents in the 1930s. Mostly affected by the bad weather and the Great Depression was the south west plains. Unemployment in the region hit one-third of all workers. People started assuming moving to California was the answer to everything at the moment guessing that the state could be helpful at the crisis moment. 43% of California which is nearly half of California, were now farmers and laborers. Families walked to California in search of a better life. 95% of all southwestern migrants to California were white. The population in California was growing fast and California didnt know how to control this migration, so billboards started to come up saying things such as no jobs in California, 6 men for every job, no state relief available for non residents, and keep out. Although Californias economy suffered and unemployment,remained serious, the state of california was much better off than most of the nation. The economy of California actually grew during the 1930s. Good Highways, bus routes, and railroads linked the southwestern plains to California. Because the trip was was so manageable, most families did not necessarily see their move as permanent. By 1940, 83% of all men in the city were eligible to wok had found jobs. Only 28% of the dust bowls refugees found their way. Migration was causing farmers to make deficit in profit. This migration caused regular farmers from California to complain about farmer migrators and made foul remarks towards them. The United States has been transformed by a civil rights revolution ever sine the dust storms swept across the south western plains. It has been reminded of its diversity by the renewed tide of immigration in the wake of the Immigration Reform Act of 1964. For example, in the 1983 film called Scarface directed by Brian DePalma which starred famous actor Al Pacino who played the lead role character of Tony Montana in the movie, migration played a major factor in why Tony Montana reached the success he did in he film. Tony Montana was from Cuba and after departing from there in search of his American Dream , he tried to migrate to the United States but was denied by INS officials who seemed to believe he was involved in political criminal activities . So, they detained him and sent him to a camp called Freedomtown under a expressway with other fellow Cubans while the government reviewed their visa petitions. While incarcerated in that camp, Montana was offered a deal to kill a former aide of Fidel Castro called Rebanga for a visa by Frank Lopez (a wealthy, political astute man who dealt cars and was involved in the drug trade) for the simple fact Rebanga tortured Franks brother to death. But in desperate need of that visa, to escape the poor life in Cuba, he murdered Rebanga, and then departed to come to Florida. In Florida, he got involved into the drug trade and got into certain situations which lead him to meeting a drug lord called Sosa. By Tony Montana migrating to Bolivia for Franks personal business purposes, Montana and Sosa make friendship, which leads to Tony taking over the cocaine business in Florida. Even though the story ends very brutal with the death of Tony, migration was the cause of why Tony reached his success illegally due to the fact of him trying to escape poverty and search for his American Dream. As you can see, migration plays a big role in the world that we live. Migration is the cause of population increase and decrease. People migrate in cause of chasing a better life style in which they are trying to escape the bad living. People migrate in search of education, jobs, family, opportunities, escaping poverty, famine, and poor living. Migration is the key to success in some cases, in where finding another location to live can branch them off into great possibilities. Migration can cause reduction in money that used to be obtained regularly due to increase in venture. Migration basically has its ups and downs, should be controlled due to population increase which may have its consequences. But, migration has its pros and cons where it could be beneficial for the migrator or not be beneficial for the people of origin in the location the migrator moved. Work Cited: DePalma, Brian Stone, Oliver. Scarface Obama, Barack. Dreams From My Father 1995 West, James Mark Hamilton. After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection : chapter 11

The Extraordinary Jimi Hendrix Essay -- Art

The extraordinary performances, recording, and lyrics of James Marshall Hendrix have made him impossible to forget. This American rock music guitarist made a legendary mark not only in the history of rock 'n' roll but also on the pop culture as a whole (Ross 32). With unique techniques never seen before and blatant sex-related performances on stage, he became one of the most influential music figures of the 60s (Kamin). Hendrix was not born into stardom nor was it given to him by any means. He strived all throughout his life to be the very best. Johnny Allen Hendrix was born on November 27, 1942 in Seattle, Washington to Al and Lucille Hendrix, and not until four years later did his father change his son's name to James Marshall Hendrix. He certainly did not lead an easy life with his sporadic schooling and his parents' divorce in 1958. Added to the building pressures, his mother died just one year later ("Jimi", Rolling 42). Hendrix purchased his first guitar in 1958, probably to relieve tensions as it was the same year his parents divorced. It was a used acoustic for which he paid only five dollars. At the age of seventeen with only one year's playing experience, he joined his first band, the Rocking Kings. It may be hard to imagine because of his image, but Hendrix was also in the Army for a brief period of time. He was soon discharged as a result of "medical unsuitability" after a parachuting accident in which he landed on his ankle ("Jimi", Rolling 42). He ventured back to his hometown of Seattle and began playing with Bobby Taylor and the Vancouvers (Wolters, "Pre-Experience"). He seized the opportunity to go on the road after being discovered by Little Richard in 1963 but soon regretted the decision because... ...-seven years old. He became ill from a mixture of wine and quinalbarbitone, a sleeping pill prescribed not to Hendrix but to his girlfriend (Wolters, "Discography"). When the ambulance was called, they rushed to his London hotel and dashed him back to the hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival. The attendants had carelessly laid him on his back; as a result of their ineptitude, he asphyxiated in his own vomit ("Jimi", Rolling 94). Fortunately, the tragic death of this young man came after rather than before he had contributed so much to the rock 'n'roll era of the 60s. Not only did he inspire black musicians to persevere in their careers, but he also influenced the entire pop culture with his unprecedented music and stunning performances. In the eyes of many Americans, the legendary rock music guitarist Jimi Hendrix will live on forever (Kamin).

Lakshminarayan case (partnership act) Essay

Case Note: Direct Taxation assessment of income – Section 4 of Partnership Act appellant a registered company entered into an agreement with Mill company appointing its agent for thirty years – amount received by appellant from Mill company were assessed under income tax – appellant contended remuneration received from the Mills company was not taxable as it was not profit or gains from business – following question referred to High Court – whether under the terms of the agreement the petitioner is an employee of the Mills Company or  is carrying on business – whether the remuneration received from the Mills is on account of service or is the remuneration for business – matter decided against appellant – appellant moved to the Supreme Court – Court observed the objects of the appellants in this case inter alia were to act as agents for Government – appellants were therefore rightly assessed for excess profits tax. JUDGMENT Bhagwati, J. 1. These are two appeals from the judgment and decision of the High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad answering certain questions referred at the instance of the appellants by the Commissioner of Excess Profits Tax, Hyderabad, and adjudging the liability of the appellants for excess profits tax in regard to the amounts received by them as remuneration from the Dewan Bahadur Ramgopal Mills Company Ltd. as its Agents. 2. The Mills Company was registered on the 14th February, 1920, at Hyderabad in the then territories of His Exalted Highness the Nizam. The appellants were registered as a private limited company at Bombay on the 1st March, 1920. On the 20th April, 1920, an Agency agreement was entered into between the Mills Company and the appellants appointing the appellants its Agents for a period of 30 years on certain terms and conditions therein recorded. The appellants throughout worked only as the Agents of the Mills Company and for the Fasli years 1351 and 1352 they received their remuneration under the terms of the Agency agreement. A notice was issued under section 13 of the Hyderabad Excess Profits Tax Regulation by the Excess Profits Tax Officer calling upon the appellants to pay the amount of tax appertaining to these chargeable accounting periods. The appellants submitted their accounts and contended that the remuneration received by them from the Mills Company was not taxable on the ground that it is was not income, profits or gains from business and was outside the pale of the Excess Profits Tax Regulation. This contention of the appellants was negatived and on the 24th April, 1944, the Excess Profits Tax Officer made an order assessing the income of the appellants for the accounting periods 1351 and 1352 Fasli at Rs. 8,957 and Rs. 83,768 respectively and assessed the tax accordingly. An appeal was taken by the appellants to the Deputy Commissioner of Excess Profits Tax who disallowed the same. An application made by the appellants under section  48(2) for statement of the case to the High Court was rejected by the Commissioner and the appellants filed a petition to the High Court under section 48(3) to compel the Commissioner to state the case to the High Court. An order was made by the High Court on this petition directing the Commissioner to state the case and the statement of the case was submitted by the Commissioner on the 26th February, 1946. Four questions were referred by the Commissioner to the High Courts as under :- (1) Whether the Petitioner Company is a partnership firm or a registered firm ? (2) Whether under the terms of the agreement the petitioner is an employee of the Mills Company or is carrying on business ? (3) Whether the remuneration received from the Mills is on account of service or is the remuneration for business ? (4) Whether the principle of personal qualification referred to in section 2, clause (4), of the Excess Profits Regulation is applicable to the Petitioner Company ? 3. These questions were of considerable importance and were referred for decision to the Full Bench of the High Court. The Full Bench of the High Court delivered their judgment the majority deciding the questions (2) and (3) which were the only questions considered determinative of the reference against the appellants. The appellants appealed to the Judicial Committee. But before the Judicial Committee heard the appeals there was a merger of the territories of Hyderabad with India. The appeals finally came for hearing before the Supreme Court Bench at Hyderabad on the 12th December, 1950, when an order was passed transferring the appeals to this Court at Delhi. These appeals have now come for hearing and final disposal before us. 4. The questions (1) and (4) which were referred by the Commissioner to the High Court at Hyderabad have not been seriously pressed before us. Whether the appellants are a partnership firm or a registered company the principle of exclusion of the income from the category of business income by reason of its depending wholly or mainly on the personal qualifications of the assessee would not apply because the income could not be said to be income from profession and neither a partnership firm not a registered company as such could be said to be possessed of any personal qualification in the matter of the acquisition of that income. 5. The principal questions which were therefore argued before the High Court at Hyderabad and before us were the questions (2) and (3) which involved the determination of the position of the appellants whether they were servantsv  or agents of the Mills Company and the determination of the character of their remuneration whether it was wages or salary or income, profits or gains from business. 6. The appellants were registered as a private limited company having their registered office in Bombay and the objects for which they were incorporated were the following : (1) To act as agents for Governments or Authorities or for any bankers, manufactures, merchants, shippers, Joint Stock Companies and others and carry on all kinds of agency business. (2) To carry on in India and elsewhere the trade or business of merchants, importers exporters in all their branches etc. etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7. Under Article 115 of the Articles of Association of the Mills Company the appellants and their assigns were appointed the agents of the Company upon the terms, provisions and conditions set out in the Agreement referred to in clause 6 of the Company’s Memorandum of Association. Article 116 provided that the general management of the business of the Company subject to the control and supervision of the Directors, was to be in the hands of the Agents of the Company, who were to have the power and authority on behalf of the Company, subject to such control and supervision, to enter into all contracts and to do all other things usual, necessary and desirable in the management of the affairs of the Company or in carrying out its objects and were to have power to appoint and employ in or for the purposes of the transaction and management of the affairs and business of the Company, or otherwise for the purposes thereof, and from time to time to remove or suspend such managers, agents, clerks and other employees as they though proper with such powers and duties and upon such terms as to duration of employment, remuneration or otherwise as they thought fit and were also to have powers to exercise all rights and liberties reserved and granted to them by the said agre ement referred to in clause 6 of the Company’s Memorandum of Association including the rights and liberties contained in clause 4 of the agreement. Article 118 authorised the agents to sub-delegate all or any of the powers, authorities and discretions for the time being vested in them, and in particular from time to time to provide by the appointment of an attorney or attorneys, for the management and transaction of the affairs of the Company in any specified locality, in such manner as they thought fit. 8. The Agency agreement which was executed in pursuance of the appointment under Article 115 provided that the appellants and their  assign were to be the Agents of the Company for a period of 30 years from the date of registration of the Company and they were to continue to act as such agents until they of their own will resigned. The remuneration of the appellants as such Agents was to be a commission of 2 1/2 per cent. on the amount of sale proceeds of all yarn cloth and other produce of the Company (including cotton grown) which commission was to be exclusive of any remuneration or wages payable to the bankers, solicitors, engineers, etc., who may be employed by the appellants for or on behalf of the Company or for carrying on and conducting the business of the Company. The appellants were to be paid in addition all expenses and charges actually incurred by them in connection with the business of the Company and supervision and management thereof and the appellants were entitled to appoint any person or persons in Bombay to act as their Agents in Bombay and any other places in connection with the business of the Company. 9. Clause 3 and 4 of the agency agreement are important and may be set out in extenso :- 3. Subject to the control and supervision of the Directors, the said Lachminarayan Ramgopal and Son Limited shall have the general conduct and management of the business and affairs of the company and shall have on behalf of the company to acquire by purchase lease or otherwise lands tenements and other buildings and to erect maintain alter and extend factories, ware-houses, engine house and other buildings in Hyderabad and elsewhere in the territories of His Exalted Highness the Nizam and in India and to purchase, pay for, sell, resell and repurchase machinery, engines, plant, raw cotton, waste, jute, wool and other fibres and produce, stores and other materials and to manufacture yarn cloth and other fabrics and to sell the same either in the said territories as well as elsewhere in India and either on credit or for cash, or for present or future delivery, and to execute become parties to and where necessary to cause to be registered all deeds, agreements, contracts, receipts and other documents and to insure the property of the Company for such purposes and to such extent and in such manner as they may think proper; and to institute, conduct, defend, compromise, refer to arbitration and abandon legal and other proceedings, claims and disputes in which the Company is concerned and to appoint and employ discharge, re-employ or replace engineers, managers, retain commission dealers, muccadums, brokers, clerks, mechanics, workmen and other officers and servants with such powers  and duties and upon such terms as to duration of office remuneration or otherwise as they may think fit; and to draw, accept endorse, negotiate and sell Bills of Exchange and Hundies with or without security and to receive and give receipts for all moneys payable to or to be received by the company and to draw cheques against the moneys of the company and generally to make all such arrangements and do all such acts and things on behalf of the Company, its successors and assigns as may be necessary or expedient and as are not specially reserved to be done by the Directors. 4. The said Lachminarayan Ramgopal & Son Ltd., shall be at liberty to deal with the Company by way of sale of the Company of cotton all raw materials and articles required for the purpose of the Company and the purchase from the Company of yarn cloth and all other articles manufactured by the Company and otherwise, and to deal with any firm in which any of the shareholders of the said Lachminarayan Ramgopal & Son Ltd., may be directly or indirectly concerned provided always such dealings are sanctioned passed or ratified by the Board of Directors either before or after such dealings. Clause 8 provided that two of the members for the time being of the appellants were at the option of the appellants to be the ex-officio Directors of the Company and clause 9 empowered the appellants to assign the agreement and the rights of the appellants thereunder subject to the approval and sanction of the Board to any person, firm or Company having authority by its constitution to become bound by the obligations undertaken by the appellants. 10. No materials other than these were placed by the appellants either before the Income-tax Authorities or the High Court and the question that arise before us have to be determined only on these materials. If on the construction of these documents we arrive at the conclusions that the position of the appellants was not that of servants but the agents of the Company the further question would have to be determined whether the activities of the appellants amounted to the carrying on of business. If they were not the servants of the Company, the remuneration which they received would certainly not be wages or salary but if they were agents of the Company the question would still survive whether their activities amounted to the carrying on of business in which case only the remuneration which they received from the Company would be income, profits or gains from business. 11. The distinction between a servant and an agent is thus  indicated in Powell’s Law of Agency, at page 16 :- (a) Generally a master can tell his servant what to do and how to do it. (b) Generally a principal cannot tell his agent how to carry out his instructions. (c) A servant is under more complete control than an agent, and also at page 20 :- (a) Generally, a servant is a person who not only receives instructions from his master but is subject to his master’s right to control the manner in which he carries out those instructions. An agent receives his principal’s instructions but is generally free to carry out those instructions according to his own discretion, (b) Generally, a servant, qua servant, has no authority to make contracts on behalf of his master. Generally, the purpose of employing an agent is to authorise him to make contracts on behalf of his principal. (c) Generally, an agent is paid by commission upon effecting the result which he has been instructed by his principal to achieve. Generally, a servant is paid by wages or salary. 12. The statement of the law contained in Halsbury’s Laws of England – Hailsham Edition – Volume 22, page 113, paragraph 192 may be referred to in this connection :- â€Å"The difference between the relations of master and servant and of principal and agent may be said to be this : a principal has the right to direct what work the agent agent has to do : but a master has the further right to direct how the work is to be done.† 13. The position is further clarified in Halsbury’s Laws of England – Hailsham Edition – Volume 1, at page 193, article 345 where the positions of an agent, a servant and independent contractor are thus distinguished :- â€Å"An agent is to be distinguished on the one hand from a servant, and on the other from an independent contractor. A servant acts under the direct control and supervision of his master, and is bound to conform to all reasonable orders given him in the course of his work; an independent contractor, on the other hand, is entirely independent of any control or interference and merely undertakes to produce a specified result, employing his own means to produce that result. An agent, though bound to exercise his authority in accordance with all lawful instructions which may be given to him from time to time by his principal, is not subject in its exercise to the direct control or supervision of the principal. An agent, as such is not a servant, but a servant is generally for some purposes his  master’s implied agent, the extent of the agency depending upon the duties or position of the servant.† 14. Considering the position of the appellants in the light of the above principles it is no doubt true that the appellants were to act as the agents of the Company and carry on the general management of the business of the Company subject to the control and supervision of the Directors. That does not however mean that they acted under the direct control and supervision of the Directors in regard to the manner or method of their work. The Directors were entitled to lay down the general policy and also to give such directions in regard to the management as may be considered necessary. But the day to day management of the business of the Company as detailed in Article 116 of the Articles of Association and clause 3 of the Agency Agreement above set out was within the discretion of the appellants and apart from directing what work the appellants had to do as the agents of the Company the Directors had not conferred upon them the further right to direct how that work of the general management was to be done. The control and supervision of the directors was a general control and supervision and within the limits of their authority the appellants as the agents of the Company had perfect discretion as to how that work of general management was to be done both in regard to the method and the manner of such work. The appellants for instance had perfect latitude to enter into agreements and contracts for such purpose and to such extent and in such manner as they thought proper. They had the power to appoint, employ, discharge, re-employ or replace the officers and servants of the Company with such powers and duties and upon such terms as to duration of office remuneration or otherwise as they thought fit. They had also the power generally to make all such arrangements and to do all such things and acts on behalf of the Company, as might be necessary or expedient and as were not specifically reserved to be done by the Directors. These powers did not spell a direct control and supervision of the Directors as of a master over his servant but constituted the appellants the agents of the Company who were to exercise their authority subject to the control and supervision of the Directors but were not subject in such exercise to the direct control or supervision of the principals. The liberty given to the appellants under clause 4 of the Agency Agreement to deal with the Company by way of sale and purchase of commodities therein mentioned also did not spell a relation as  between master and servant but empowered the appellants to deal with the Company as Principals in spite of the fact that under clause 8 of the Agreement two of their members for the time being were to be the ex-officio Directors of the Company. The power to assign the agreement and the rights of the appellants thereunder reserved to them under clause 9 of the Agency Agreement though subject to the approval and sanction of the Board was hardly a power which could be vested in a servant. There was further the right to continue in employment as the agents of the Company for a period of 30 years from the date of the registration thereof and thereafter until the appellants of their own will resigned, which also would be hardly consistent with the employment of the appellants as mere servants of the Company. The remuneration by way of commission of 2 1/2 per cent. of the amount of sale proceeds of the produce of the Company savoured more of the remuneration given by a principal to his agent in the carrying out of the general management of the business of the principals than of wages or salary which would not normally be on such a basis. All these circumstances together with the power of sub-delegation reserved under Article 118 in our opinion go to establish that the appellants were the agents of the Company and not merely the servants of the Company remunerated by wages or salary. 15. Even though the position of the appellants qua the Company was that of agents and not servants as stated above it remains to be determined whether the work which they did under the Agency Agreement amounted to carrying on business so as to constitute the remuneration which they received thereunder income, profits or gains from business. The contention which was urged before us that the appellants only worked as the agents of the Mills Company and no others and therefore what they did did not constitute a business does not avail the appellants. The activities in order to constitute a business need not necessarily be concerned with several individuals or concerns. They would constitute business in spite of their being restricted to only one individual or concern. What is relevant to consider is what is the nature and scope of these activities though either by chance or design these might be restricted to only one individual or concern. It is the nature and scope of these activities and not the extent of the operations which are relevant for this purpose. 16. The activities of the appellants certainly did not come within the inclusive definition of business which is given in section 2  clause 4 of the Excess Profits Tax Regulation, Hyderabad. Business is there defined to include any trade, commerce or manufacture or any adventure in the nature of a trade, commerce or manufacture or any profession or vocation but not to include a profession carried on by an individual or by individuals in partnership if the profits of the profession depend wholly or mainly on his or their personal qualifications unless such profession consists wholly or mainly in the making of contracts on behalf of other persons or giving to other persons of advice of commercial nature in connection with the making of contracts. The work which the appellants did under the terms of the Agency Agreement constituted neither trade, commerce or manufacture or any adventure in the nature of trade, commerce or manufacture nor was it a profession or vocation. 17. The activities which constitute carrying on business need not necessarily consist of activities by way of trade, commerce or manufacture or activities in the exercise of a profession or vocation. They may even consist of rendering services to other which services may be of a variegated character. The consideration which apply in the case of individuals in the matter of determining whether the activities constitute a business within the meaning of the inclusive definition thereof set out above may not apply in the case of incorporated companies. Even though the activities if carried on by individuals might constitute business in that sense they might not constitute such business when carried on by incorporated companies and resort must be had to the general position in law in order to determine whether the incorporated company was carrying on business so as to constitute the income earned by it income, profits or gains from business. Reference may be made in this context to William Esplen, Son and Swainston, Limited v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue [1919] 2 K.B. 731. In that case a private limited company was incorporated for carrying on business as naval architects and consulting engineers. Before the formation of the company, a partnership had existed for many years between three persons who, on incorporation, became the sole shareholders and directors of the company. The partnership had carried on the profession of naval architects and consulting engineers and the work done by the company was identical in character with that formerly done by the partnership which is succeeded. The work done by the company was identical in all respects with the work of a professional naval architect  and consulting engineer, and was performed by the said three shareholders and directors of the company personally. A question arose whether the company was carrying on a profession within the meaning of section 39 paragraphs C of the Finance (No. 2) Act, 1915. It was contended that it carried on a profession of naval architects and consulting engineers because the members composing it were three naval architects. That contention was however negatived and it was held that even though what was to be looked at was the character of the work done by the company, it was not carrying on the profession of the naval architects within the meaning of the section, because for that purpose it was of the essence of a profession that the profits should be dependent mainly upon the personal qualifications of the person by whom it was carried on and that could only be an individual. A company such as that could only do a naval architect’s work by sending a naval architect to its customers to do what they wanted to be done and it was held that the company was not carrying on a profession but was carrying on a trade or business in the ordinary sense of the term. 18. When a partnership firm comes into existence it can be predicated of it that it carries on a business, because partnership according to section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act is the relation between persons who have agree to share the profits of a business carried only by all or any of them acting for all. (See Inderchand Hari Ram v. Commissioner of Income-tax U.P. & C.P. [1952] I.T.R. 108) But when a company is incorporated it may not necessarily come into existence for the purpose of carrying on a business. According to section 5 of the Indian Companies Act any seven or more persons (or, where the company to be formed will be a private company, any two or more persons) associated for any lawful purpose may by subscribing their names to a memorandum of association †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. form an incorporated company, and the lawful purpose for which the persons become associated might not necessarily be the carrying on of business. When a company is incorporated for carrying out certain activities it would be relevant to enquire what are the objects for which it has been incorporated. As was observed by Lord Sterndale. M.R., in Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. The Korean Syndicate Limited (1921) 12 Tax Cas. 181 : If you once get the individual and the company spending exactly on the same basis, then there would be no difference between them at all. But the fact that the limited  company comes into existence in a different way is a matter to be considered. An individual comes into existence for many purposes, or perhaps sometimes for none, whereas a limited company comes into existence for some particular purpose, and if it comes into existence for the particular purpose of carrying out a transaction by getting possession of concessions and turning them to account, then that is a matter to be considered when you come to decide whether doing that is carrying on a business or not.† 19. Justice Rowlatt followed the above view of Lord Sterndale, M.R., in Commissioner of Inland Revenue v. Birmingham Theatre Royal Estate Co., Limited (1923) 12 Tax Cas. 580 , and held that â€Å"when you are considering whether a certain form of enterprise is carrying on business or not, it is material to look and see whether it is a company that is doing it.† The objects of an incorporated company as laid down in the Memorandum of Association are certainly not conclusive of the question whether the activities of the company amount to carrying on of business (See Indian Law Reports 55 Calcutta 1059 andMANU/WB/0002/1952 : [1951]19ITR571(Cal) ). But they are relevant for the purpose of determining the nature and scope of such activities. 20. The objects of the appellants in this case inter alia were to act as agents for Governments or Authorities or for any bankers, manufacturers, merchants, shippers, Joint Stock Companies and others and carry on all kinds of agency business. This object standing by itself would comprise within its ambit the activities of the appellants as the agents of the Company and constitute the work which they did by way of general management of the business of the company an agency business. The words â€Å"carry on all kinds of agency business† occurring at the end of the object as therein set out were capable of including within their general description the work which the appellants would do as agents for Governments or Authorities or for any bankers, manufacturers, merchants, shippers and others when they acted as agents of the Company which were manufacturers inter alia of cotton piece goods they would be carrying on agency business within the meaning of this object. Apart however from this there is the further fact that there was a continuity of operations which constituted the activities of the appellants in the general management of the Company a business. The whole work of management which the appellants did for the Company within the powers conferred upon them under Article 116 of the  Articles of Association and clause 3 of the Agency Agreement consisted of numerous and continuous operations and comprised of various services which were rendered by the appellants as the agents of the Company. The appellants were also entitled though with the sanction or ratification by the Board of Directors either before or after the dealings to enter into dealings with the Company by way of sales and purchases of various commodities. There was nothing in the Agency Agreement to prevent the appellants from acting as the agents of other manufacturers, Joint Stock Companies etc., and the appellants could have as well acted as the agents of other concerns besides the Company. All these factors taken into consideration along with the fixity of tenure, the nature of remuneration and the assignability of their rights, are sufficient to enable us to come to the conclusion that the activities of the appellants as the agents of the Company constituted a business and the remuneration which the appellants received from the Company under the terms of the Agency Agreement was income, profits or gain from business. 21. The appellants were therefore rightly assessed for excess profits tax and these appeals must stand dismissed with costs. 22. Appeal dismissed.  © Manupatra Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd.