Essay on Exhaust Analysis Osygen Sensor Developed by...

Oxygen Sensor [7] This device was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH in the 1960s and is also called the Lambda Sensor. The purpose of the sensor is to determine the amount of oxygen in its surroundings. It plays a very important role in automotive vehicles in determining the amount of oxygen present in the exhaust gases. By knowing the same, we can improve electronic fuel injection and emission control. They he to observe in real-time if the air-to-fuel ratio of combustion engine is rich or lean. Since the sensor is present in the exhaust system, they do not directly determine the optimality of the air-to-fuel ratio, but when the information of the sensor is coupled with information from other sources, it can be used to improve overall†¦show more content†¦Carbon monoxide results in a slightly rich burn and NOX indicates a lean burn. Failure or damage of the sensor indicates the use of unleaded fuels containing silicon or silicates. The data from the sensor instructs the ECU to continuously adju st the amount of fuel charged into the engine. The engine operates in a slightly lean and slightly rich burn in successive loops. This helps in maintaining an average which is very close to the stoichiometric ratio. The sensor element is encased in a ceramic cylinders both inside and outside with platinum electrodes and the entire assembly is wrapped in metal gauge. The sensors work effectively at high temperature. When the temperature is at and above 3160C (6000F). Most new sensors are equipped with their own heating elements. There are three main types of oxygen sensors. They are: 1. Zirconia Sensor Made of zirconium dioxide or zirconia it is based on a fuel cell called the Nerst cell. It gives an output of 0.2V DC to show a lean mixture in which the air entering the system is enough to fully oxidize the fuel to CO and then CO2. An output of 0.8V represents a rich mixture which contains unburnt HC and low in O2. The ideal value is approximately 0.45V. The air-to-fuel ratio is 0.5% of the optimum stoichiometric ratio. The advantage of this sensor is that it is most sensitive near the ideal stoichiometric ratio whereas it is very insensitive and ineffective when mixture is very lean or very rich. This is type of

Problems Exist in the Contemporary US Essay Example

Essays on Problems Exist in the Contemporary US Essay The paper "Problems Exist in the Contemporary US" is a brilliant example of an essay on social science. Problem identification entails the expression of dissatisfaction with the prevailing status quo. For example, in the education system, people can express their dissatisfaction with the inadequate facilities in the United States schools that support the marginalized. Schools are mandated to provide all the students with a quality education regardless of their physical and psychological disabilities (DeMatthews, 2014). Students who are physically disabled and who are not native English speakers face difficulties coping with the other students in the class. Federal policy guidelines are silent regarding the issue of disproportionate representation of the special needs children in the schools. The problem results in emotionally affected students who end up living miserable lives for lack of proper education. In agenda-setting, the definition of underlying alternatives is essential to t he policy process and in shaping the desired outcome. Before the issue is fully adopted and formulated, the alternative approaches are outlined so that the best option can be implemented (LAITS). To determine what issue advances into the agenda policy, the options that can address the plight of the disabled in schools are analyzed. For example, should the federal government provide separate facilities, increase the resources in current facilities, or provide extensional support to the affected children. Many problems exist in the contemporary US, but few of them make it to the public policy agenda. In the United States, a problem has to be identified as a salient issue to move onto the policy agenda. In most instances, the power of the people can move problems in society further to be adopted as policy agendas. In addition to the influence and the power of the people, there are issues that move immediately to the policy agenda following significant events that act as triggers (Bound less, 2014). Parents of the affected children with the support of the rights groups also contribute significantly to identifying the said problems.

Marketing and Advertisement of Tesla Inc †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing and Advertisement of Tesla Inc. Answer: Introduction: Marketingis one of the most complex and widely used concept in our current business environment. It is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large (AMA, 2013). Organizations would findmarketing an inseparable aspect of their daily transactions. Before any product is manufactures, an analysis of customer needs is done. Once the product is manufactured, it needs to reach consumers as per their demands. This demand and supply then need to be well managed with the help of efficient advertising and alluring promotions. All these are aspects of Marketing. Previously, I had the narrow definition of marketing being related to advertisement and selling of products only. Having realised the broader scope of marketing, I find that it is underlying everywhere in this age of globalisation. $0 Marketing by Tesla: While studying, one of the most stunning concepts I have discovered related to advertisement is the $0 budget marketing done by Tesla Inc. By that I mean Tesla had no budget allocated for advertisement of its electric vehicles. However, not having any advertisement was being the greatest advertisement for Tesla after it was recognized in market. Tesla has used the oldest marketing concept of Word of mouth and designed innovative referral schemes (Extole Inc., 2017). The efficiency of this model is evidenced by the fact that 253,000 cars were pre-booked in the first 36 hours (Inc., 2016). Needs, Wants and Demands: One of the concepts that I found confusing in marketing was the concept of needs, wants and demands itself. More specifically, I could not differentiate between wants and demands. After researching on them I came to understand that wants are simply Desires and demands as Desires + buying power (MaketingMix, 2017). After having the clear picture of these three, I believe I can become a consumer who makes better decisions by clearly recognizing the needs, wants and demands. DeMarketing: As a consumer, I always believed that every organization wants to promote their products in order to increase sales. However, we were taught a pioneering concept of De marketing. Upon detailed study, I realized de marketing is done by numerous organization to cope with unwanted demand or overflow of demand (Kotler, 2009). This helps marketers to shape demand in order to conform to long run objectives rather than blindly chasing high sales. Marketing Environment: Marketing is a complex concept and a large number of components are involved in it rather than just the firm and the consumer. The importance of monitoring the environmental factors impacting an individual business is fundamental to effective marketing (Academy of Marketing studies journal, 2013). After attending lectures, I was taught that many actors are involved in marketing of any product or service. For example Government support is required by every organization at every step. Firms take assistance of various media agencies in order to promote their product or service. Financial consultants also help organizations to arrange finances and guide them about the right investing options. According to Kotler (2009), marketing environment consists of the actors and forces outside organization that affect marketing management's ability to develop and maintain successful transactions with its target customers. Factors affecting Demand: It was often believed that the sales of any product depends on buying power and need of the consumer and supply created by producers. However, this is not enough. My lectures gave me a much clear idea about how the demand is created and what are the factors that impact the demand. Changing demographic scenarios, increasing use of technology and economic environment are also considered by marketers to promote their products to the right audience in the right manner. Rise in the number of working women, a steady decline in household size and an increase in single parent family or families with no children are few of the demographic changes that the country is currently experiencing. Similarly rising interest and consumption patterns also impact the demand of products. For example financial crisis that hit Asia in 1997-1998 adversely affected Hong Kong tourism (Journal of travel and tourism marketing, 2002). It is imperative that marketers keep this in mind before formulating any strate gy for product promotions. Consumer buying pattern: Learning about buying habits of consumer was the other thing which was essential for me. I learnt about the decision making process of a consumer when he or she buys any product. Buying behaviour suggests that consumers buy some products without thinking about it, some products giving a little consideration and after reading that I noticed that I would often buy small things out of habits without giving much consideration while some other things I would consider for few days. Marketers would spend a lot of time and money researching on these buying habits of the consumers due to ever changing demands of consumers. Extensive research on consumer buying behaviour helps marketers advertise their products in a proficient manner leading to increased sales. Demand Management I had no idea about the various kinds of demands but after these lectures I came to understand how many types of demands are there and how marketers make use of this information to promote their products. Negative demands involves those products or services where not only does the consumer not want the product but is also willing to pay a price to avoid it. Like many consumers spend monthly on dental check-ups in order to avoid dental surgery. Irregular demand refers to seasonal or occasional demands of products example rising sale of costumes during Halloween and extra demand of chocolates and sweets during specific festivals. Predominantly, it involves prioritizing demand when supply is lacking (SCRC, 2002). Conclusion: Marketing is one of the most important factors that impacts organizations. Changing marketing scenario in the era of globalization has helped the right products, reach the right consumers, in the right way and at the right time. Our lectures have been extremely useful in helping me gain an insight on how consumers buy products and how marketers use information in order to promote and advertise products. As a consumer, these lectures have been extremely beneficial and will surely help me make a better buying choice and use my bargaining power as a consumer in this organization. I think I have learnt a lot about marketing in past few weeks. This understanding will be useful for me to carefully select new products in future. Moreover, it will also allow me to make wise decisions free from temptations of different advertisements. This will help me save cost and increase consuming efficiency. References: AMA, 2013, https://www.ama.org/AboutAMA/Pages/Definition-of-Marketing.aspx, viewed on 25 August, 2017. Extole Inc., 2017, https://www.extole.com/blog/tesla-referral-program-how-to-grow-with-0-marketing-budget/, viewed on 25 August, 2017. Harvard Business Review, 2009, https://web.uniroma1.it/dip_management/sites/default/files/allegati/Kotler%20%26%20Levy%20%281971%29%20-%20Demarketing%2C%20yes%2C%20demarketing%20-%20Harvard%20Business%20Review.pdf, viewed on 25 August, 2017. Hiemstra, S Wong K, 2008, Factors affecting demands for tourism in Hong Kong, Journal of travel and tourism marketing, Vol 13(1-2), pp: 41-60. Inc., 2016, https://www.inc.com/walter-chen/how-teslas-referral-program-generates-more-than-40x-roi.html, viewed on 25 August, 2017. Jackson, 2013, The Marketing Environment: A new paradigm, Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, Vol 1. Kotler, P, 2013, Marketing Management, NSW, Pearson Australia. MarketingMix, 2017, https://marketingmixx.com/marketing-basics/128-needswants-and-demands.html, viewed on 25 August, 2017. SCRC, 2002, https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/lessons-in-demand-management, viewed on 25 August, 2017.

John Adams Essays (793 words) - Massachusetts, United States

John Adams John Adams is important to the study of American history because he was the second president of the United States, he served on the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence and then helped persuade the Second Continental Congress to adopt the declaration. He is one of the great figures in American history because before the American Revolution he joined with other patriots in resisting British rule. So, when the revolution began, Adams was among the first to propose American independence. John Adams was born and raised in Braintree, Massachusetts, on the farmland his great-grandfather had cleared 100 years earlier. He entered Harvard College when he was sixteen years old and after graduating in 1755, he continued to study law. In 1758 Adams began to practice law in Braintree. In 1764 Adams married Abigail Smith, and they had five children. One of them, John Quincy Adams, became the sixth president of the United States. The marriage lasted 54 years, until the death of Abigail Adams in 1818. Adams spent the early part of his career practicing law in Braintree and developing his interest in government. He became well known throughout the colonies. When in Boston he was elected to the Massauchetts legislature while helping acquit the British troops in the Boston massacre. He only served in the legislature for a few months. In May 1775, Adams set out for Philadelphia and the opening of the Second Continental Congress, the American Revolution had begun with the battles at Lexington and Concord. Adams, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and other New England delegates arrived in Philadelphia ready to fight back against Britain. They wanted the colonies to get ready for war and to set up a confederation of independent colonies. Many delegates hesitated and Adams became very impatient. After two weeks, when nothing had been accomplished, Adams could hold back no longer. He addressed Congress and told them that before talking of peace with Britain, Congress should adopt a program to set up an independent government in each colony. It should use the New England militiamen, who were then blockading the British in Boston, as the basis for a Continental Army, and should name a commander-in-chief who would be responsible to Congress. Finally, Adams said, Britain should be told of these steps. Then, if the war continued, the colonies should seek alliances and support in France, Spain, and the Netherlands. Only one of Adams's proposals was adopted. A Continental Army was authorized, and Colonel George Washington of Virginia was named commanding general. Adams had recommended Washington not only because he had military training, but also because he was from the South. Adams felt that, to form a national army, the South as well as the North should be represented in it. Therefore the New England troops had to have a Southern commander. In 1776 another of Adams' proposals was enacted. On May 6, he and his allies in Congress presented a resolution that all the colonies should form independent governments. The resolution, which to Adams was the most important of his proposals, was passed on May 15. In June 1776 Richard Henry Lee, a delegate from Virginia, moved that Congress declare "that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States." The resolution was referred to a committee consisting of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert R. Livingston, and John Adams. Jefferson wrote the declaration and Adams was spokesman for it when it was presented to Congress. There was a great debate before the final vote. There were many unwilling delegates who still hoped for reconciliation with Britain, but Adams won most of them over. On July 4, 1776, Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. In 1796, Adams was elected president and was inaugurated at Federal Hall, Philadelphia, on March 4, 1797. Philadelphia was then the nation's capital. President Adams was immediately confronted with a number of issues. The most urgent was a threat of war with France. For four years the United States had remained neutral in the struggle between France and Britain. Britain was seizing ships that traded with France including American ships. The United States negotiated Jay's Treaty of 1794, which stopped Britain by giving trade concessions but started this threat because it angered the French who thought the United States was helping the British. Adams wasn't re-elected in 1800 and was stunned because Hamilton completely opposed Adams and campaigned for Pinckney. Adams lost, but Jefferson and Burr tied with 73 electoral votes each. The tie-breaking vote was decided by the House of Representatives,